The Battle of Hong Kong in World War II

The Battle of Hong Kong in World War II The Battle of Hong Kong was fought December 8 to 25, 1941, during World War II (1939-1945). One of the opening battles of the conflict in the Pacific, Japanese troops commenced their attack on the British colony the same morning as their attack on the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. Though badly outnumbered, the British garrison mounted a tenacious defense but were soon forced from the mainland. Pursued by the Japanese, the defenders were ultimately overwhelmed. Overall, the garrison succeeded in holding out for over two weeks before finally surrendering. Hong Kong remained under Japanese control until the end of the war. Background As the Second Sino-Japanese War raged between China and Japan during the late 1930s, Great Britain was forced to examine its plans for the defense of Hong Kong. In studying the situation, it was quickly found that the colony would be difficult to hold in the face of a determined Japanese attack. Despite this conclusion, work continued on a new defensive line extending from Gin Drinkers Bay to Port Shelter. Begun in 1936, this set of fortifications was modeled on the French Maginot Line and took two years to complete. Centered on the Shin Mun Redoubt, the line was a system of strong points connected by paths. In 1940, with World War II consuming Europe, the government in London began reducing the size of the Hong Kong garrison to free troops for use elsewhere. Following his appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the British Far East Command, Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham requested reinforcements for Hong Kong as he believed even a marginal increase in the garrison could significantly slow down the Japanese in the case of war. Though not believing that the colony could be held indefinitely, a protracted defense would buy time for the British elsewhere in the Pacific. Final Preparations In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to dispatch reinforcements to the Far East. In doing so, he accepted an offer from Canada to send two battalions and a brigade headquarters to Hong Kong. Dubbed C-Force, the Canadians arrived in September 1941, though they lacked some of their heavy equipment. Joining Major General Christopher Maltbys garrison, the Canadians prepared for battle as relations with Japan began to falter. Having taken the area around Canton in 1938, Japanese forces were well positioned for an invasion. Preparations for the attack began that fall with troops moving into position. Battle of Hong Kong Conflict: World War IIDates: December 8-25, 1941Armies Commanders:BritishGovernor Sir Mark Aitchison YoungMajor General Christopher Maltby14,564 menJapaneseLieutenant General Takashi Sakai52,000 menCasualties:British: 2,113 killed or missing, 2,300 wounded, 10,000 capturedJapanese: 1,996 killed, around 6,000 wounded Fighting Begins Around 8:00 AM on December 8, Japanese forces under Lieutenant General Takashi Sakai began their attack on Hong Kong. Commencing less than eight hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese quickly gained air superiority over Hong Kong when they destroyed the garrisons few aircraft. Badly outnumbered, Maltby elected not to defend the Sham Chun River line at the colonys border and instead deployed three battalions to the Gin Drinkers Line. Lacking sufficient men to fully man the lines defenses, the defenders were driven back on December 10 when the Japanese overran the Shing Mun Redoubt. Retreat to Defeat The rapid breakthrough surprised Sakai as his planners anticipating needing a month to penetrate the British defenses. Falling back, Maltby began evacuating his troops from Kowloon to Hong Kong Island on December 11. Destroying harbor and military facilities as they departed, the final Commonwealth troops left the mainland on December 13. Japanese forces attack the Tsim Sha Tsui Station in Hong Kong. Public Domain For the defense of Hong Kong Island, Maltby re-organized his men into Eastern and Western Brigades. On December 13, Sakai demanded that the British surrender. This was promptly refused and two days later the Japanese began shelling the islands northern shore. Another surrender demand was rejected on December 17. The next day, Sakai began landing troops on the islands northeastern coast near Tai Koo. Pushing back the defenders, they were later guilty of killing prisoners of war at Sai Wan Battery and Salesian Mission. Driving west and south, the Japanese met heavy resistance over the next two days. On December 20 they succeeded in reaching the south coast of the island effectively splitting the defenders in two. While part of Maltbys command continued the fight on the western part of the island, the remainder was hemmed in on the Stanley Peninsula. On Christmas morning, Japanese forces captured the British field hospital at St. Stephens College where they tortured and killed several prisoners. Later that day with his lines collapsing and lacking critical resources, Maltby advised Governor Sir Mark Aitchison Young that the colony should be surrendered. Having held out for seventeen days, Aitchison approached the Japanese and formally surrendered at the Peninsula Hotel Hong Kong. Major General Christopher Maltby meets with the Japanese to surrender Hong Kong, December 25, 1941. Public Domain Aftermath Subsequently known as Black Christmas, the surrender of Hong Kong cost the British around 10,000 captured as well as 2,113 killed/missing and 2,300 wounded during the battle. Japanese casualties in the fighting numbered 1,996 killed and around 6,000 wounded. Taking possession of the colony, the Japanese would occupy Hong Kong for the remainder of the war. During this time, the Japanese occupiers terrorized the local population. In the wake of the victory at Hong Kong, Japanese forces embarked on a string of victories in Southeast Asia which culminated with the capture of Singapore on February 15, 1942.​

The Zodiac Killer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Zodiac Killer - Essay Example Additionally, he single-mindedly killed the college students without any theft intentions. The belongings of the teens were found intact when they were discovered dead by a passing motorist, Burges. The Zodiac was courageous enough to send vulgar insults to the police after he carried out his unscrupulous missions. He employed weird ciphers and made phone calls, yet no police unit could efficaciously track him down. The killer was techno-savvy, and he understood the operation of hi-tech systems of technology. This enabled hi evade the police and any investigative authority. According to Menny, the Zodiac killer is alive to date aged 91 years (Menny23). The young couple was from a concert before the incident happened. The first article ‘Friends Quizzed in Slaying of Teen Pair near Vallejo’ has a related version of the zodiac killer to the second article ‘Police Seeking Teens’ Slayer’. Even so, there are slight differences subject to the different investigators of the incident. Menny asserts that the teens had attended a pre-concert during that day in Vallejo before the incident happened that evening. This claim concurs with the ‘Police Seeking Teens’ Slayer’ article, which also reveals that the two late teens were in a pre-Christmas concert prior to their murder. However, Menny asserts that there is a possibility that the two youngsters were trailed by their assailant from the Vallejo concert.

China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

China - Essay Example The stock markets were encouraged to grow and develop, and China embarked on a sustained effort to boost trade and investment activities with the outside world. Moreover, the private economic sector was given a boost and given substantial incentives and freedoms. This has come about gradually, with some hiccups and changes in direction, all aimed at bolstering Chinas global stature as an economic powerhouse and making sure that domestic industries are allowed to flourish. Moving forward from this state of affairs there are several challenges to the economy and to the social cohesiveness and stability of the country that the Chinese government needs to address. Those relate to the reduction of the high rate of savings or the deployment of those large savings, even as domestic consumption on the other end remains lackluster; the provision of jobs to a large section of the Chinese population; the reduction in the rate of crime and the rate of corruption inherent in the system; concerns relating to the environmental sustainability of its economic activities, in light of global warming, its increased fuel needs, and the need to source energy from cleaner alternative energy sources moving forward. This has implications for the overall sustainability of its economic drive, given the widespread damage to the environment at present, which cannot be totally abated because of the lack of cleaner, safer alternative energy supplies to coal and oil. Moreover, the demographic shift towards a greater number of older Chinese has tremendous repercussions for the future of the Chinese society and economy. Clearly the challenges include diversifying away from fossil fuel sources of energy, and sourcing more power from solar and other viable alternatives, including nuclear, though that presents its own problems too. Recent turmoils in the global economy likewise have rocked the Chinese economy to the extent that growth had stalled

Overview of the Production Possibility Curve

Overview of the Production Possibility Curve Production Possibility Curve Production possibility curve is the curve that show the combination of two item or services that can be produce in the market in a certain amount of time provided that all other eternal factor that can effect the curve are kept constant such as, labour, technology land and capital. The curve shows the production between two item and how much can we produce with the current resources or technology. As the title says ‘possibility’ which also means that with this much of resources, how much of item can it produce or achieve. There are 3 types of production possibility curve which are straight-line sloping down, concave and convex curve. The first type of curve has a constant negative gradient or constant ratio which also means that as one item/good decreases by one, the other item/good will increase by one, and it will always be constant. Which also means that its opportunity cost will be always constant. But this type of curve is not realistic because it cannot represent the market/economy. The second type of curve is known as concave curve, it has increasing ratio as moving on the curve which also means that we need to decrease more of a item/good to produce more of the good and the decreasing number will keep increase as a sacrifice for another item/good. Which also means that the opportunity cost will keep increasing. Thus this graph is also knows as increasing opportunity curve. This type of curve is more realistic and it represent the whole market or economy. The last type of curve is known as convex curve, it has decreasing ratio as moving on the curve which is also means that we need to decrease less of a item/good to produce more of a good and the decreasing number will keep decrease as moving along the curve. Which is also means that the opportunity cost will keep decreasing. Thus the graph is also known as decreasing opportunity curve. This type of curve does not really exist in the real life economy, some says that in agriculture, this type of curve does exist but mostly it is not. Assumptions of the Production Possibility Curve There are assumption on the production possibility curve because the curve is not a live feed as the market always changes and it also could not show every possible detail of the market so we will have to keep it short and simple while still able to represent the market. There are four assumption of the production possibility curve which are assumption of two goods/items, constant resources, constant technology and efficiency. The first assumption is that the curve assumed that the market/economy only have two goods/items or that the goods/items will represent the whole market/economy. This way we could define or assume the economy from the curve, because the two goods/items simplify the economy thus we only could interpret the economy because in reality there are too many goods/items to take into account or it is impossible to take everything into one curve. In conclusion this assumption of the two goods simplify the market/economy so that we could monitor the changes and the stands of the market/economy. The next or second assumption is that the resources that is supply to the economy is constant or fixed. Resources will always change but we cannot use the real amount of resources to construct the production possibility curve, we will need to resources to be constant to construct the production possibility curve. Due to it constant resources at a time, we could use it to compare with another amount of resources at another time, with this we could analyse the increase in resources or decrease in resources. The third assumption is quite similar to the second one as it assumed the technology is constant. This is an assumption of how well or how much the tools and machineries will produce goods/items given the same amount of resources. It can be seen when a tool or machine produces 10 cake with 10 kg of flour while another tool with a higher or more advanced technology produces 10 cake with 5kg of flour or produces 20 cake with 10 kg of flour. This technological advancement will cause the production possibility curve to change and technology advances everyday thus we need to make it constant. Similar to the assumption of the constant resources, we can use it as comparison as shown is the example, we can use the amount of goods/items produce to compare because is the technology advances, more goods/items will be produce and the other way when the technology degrades. The last assumption is the efficiency, the production possibility curve assume that all the resources are utilize fully but in reality the resources are never been utilize fully. This can be seen where the some labour have no motivation or heart to work and work at its fullest. This is the hardest factor to control so the possibility of the labour force will be fully utilize is very less. There are times when the machineries are old and did not sent for maintenance which will cause the efficiency of the production to drop which will be another factor to contribute to efficiency cannot be fully achieved. Thus it assumed that the work force is fully utilize and no waste of resources to produce the production possibility curve. Opportunity Cost Production Possibility Curve A Opportunity cost is the cost or expenses needed to be given or sacrifice to gain something, like the production possibility curve A above, we can produce either guns or butter but to increase the production of one type of goods/item we need to decrease the other, for example now we are producing at point A and we want to produce more of butter so we decided to shift our production to B, when our production for butter increases, at the same time we need to decrease the guns production in exchange because of scarcity. There are 3 type of opportunity cost which are increasing opportunity cost, constant opportunity cost and decreasing opportunity cost. Production possibility curve A shows increasing opportunity cost which can be seen at between point AB and Point CD, to increase the production of butter by 10, the quantity of guns needed to be reduced by 5 but as going down the curve like point C and D, to increase the production of butter by 10, the production of 50 guns need to be reduced. From that we can say it is increasing opportunity cost because the opportunity cost increase as going down the curve from 5 to 50 to produce the same amount of butter. Unemployment Unemployment in terms of business refers to a situation whereby a graduate or a working age adult fails to get a job. There are many types of unemployment, which includes classical, cyclical, structural, frictional, hidden and long-term. This problem would bring about negative impact in the long run to the country’s economic growth. In terms of economics, unemployment is defined as the wastage of resources in a production. When this occurs the economy would not be able to reach the production possibility curve which is a result of any point that appears INSIDE the curve. This can be further illustrated by the production possibility curve whereby the point which shows unemployment is at Point D which is located INSIDE the curve. At this point the resources are not fully used in the production of goods but would still attainable. Point A, B and C on the other hand achieve full employment in the production of capital goods and consumer goods.In addition to this, point E is an example of the production that is unattainable based on the current advancement of technology and resources. There are many ways to improve the production possibility curve in order for all the resources to be fully utilized. The government would provide insurance, compensation, and subsidies to aid in restraining of the demand. Besides, the labor market is never 100% efficient, therefore, the minimum wage policy should be reconsidered and the power of unions should be reduced at the same time. This would then improve the economic in the long run. Economic Growth Economic growth can be easily defined as the output shift of the production possibility curve due to the rise of the economy over a certain period or an increase in the production due the fully utilization of scare resources. This shift on then production possibility curve shows that the economy has successfully increased its capacity to produce more. The few factors that contribute to the economic growth is the advancement in technology, the increase in man power, the discovery of new production methods as well as raw materials. When there is an advance in technology, the production of goods or services would be more efficient. For example in countries like China, the rapid economic growth is due to application of new technology to then manufacturing process. An economy would not be able to grow if there is an insufficient amount of resources allocated especially to the capital goods. Next, the increase of labor force is important to enable a more number of people to contribute physically in the production. A particular country allows specialization between the laborers to enable better quality and a well divided task to improve the productive capacity and to ensure to outward shift on the production possibility curve in the time to come. Over the years new production methods as well as raw materials are discovered to improve the economic growth of the country. For example the first usage of technology such as computers or other electronic gadgets to control the production methods such as robots has greatly improve the productivity of the economy and many other firms contributing to this economic growth. Alternative types of raw materials were introduced to ensure the continuous supply for the production of the good. Diffence Between Constant Opportunity Cost and Increasing Opportunity Cost Constant opportunity cost occurs when the production possibility curve is linear. The relationship between opportunity cost and quantity supplied is the same. Assuming that a factory wishes to increase their production of good T from 250 units to 500 units, the factory has to sacrifice 250 units of good R in order to increase the production of good T. Thus, the ratio between opportunity cost and quantity supplied is constant, 1:1. The production possibility curve of increasing opportunity cost is concave from its origin. Increasing opportunity cost means the more units of good T produced, the more the opportunity cost of good R. Assuming that the factory has to forgoes 20 units of good R so that the factory is able to produce 50 more units of good T. If the factory wishes to increase the production of good T from 100 units to 150 units, they have to let go 60 units of good R. In this case, it clearly shows us an increasing opportunity cost. Reference 2000. Assumption of Production Possibility Curve. 3 February 2015. Available from : http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=assumptions,+production+possibilities 2014. Unemployment. Viewed on 7 February 2015. Available from : https://www.boundless.com/economics/textbooks/boundless-economics-textbook/unemployment-22/definitions-102/defining-unemployment-388-12485/ 2000. Unemployment. Viewed on 7 February 2015. Available from : http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=unemployment,+production+possibilities 2015. Economic Growth. Viewed on 7 February 2015. Available from : http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_growth.html

The Final Game :: Personal Narrative Volleyball Essays

The Final Game It was November 1st and it was the day of my last volleyball game. I ran into my friend Eri and we started talking about the game later that day. It was against Tunkhannock. They were the best volleyball team from our area, and wouldn’t you know it on our senior night we had to play against them. Senior night was the one night where the seniors were recognized, whether they were good or not. The whole day the team was joking about how much we would lose by against our rival team. In a game to fifteen we thought we would end up owing them points. â€Å"Hey, Eri, are you excited about the game tonight?† I asked. â€Å"Well, I’m more sad than anything,† she replied. â€Å"I’m going to miss all of the freshman that we taught how to play.† â€Å"I know, but don’t you think that it’s going to be a funny game tonight?† â€Å"Oh yeah! We’re going to get killed,† she added. â€Å"Don’t you think it was wrong for them to schedule our senior night with that game?† â€Å"Yeah, I do think it was a little unfair,† I replied. â€Å"But at least we know we are going to get killed and don’t really have to worry about it.† Everyone knew that this game was going to be impossible to win, so we all sort of shrugged it off. The last practice before this game consisted of reminiscing more than drills. Even our coach knew we were going to get killed, but for some reason everyone had in the back of their minds ‘what if†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ â€Å"Don’t you think it would be funny if we actually did win this game?† I asked. â€Å"What? Are you nuts! They haven’t lost a game yet,† Jen replied. â€Å"No, seriously. Don’t you think that they are thinking the same thing we are?† I added. â€Å"That they could win, no problem. And maybe their coach will put in the not so good people for that reason? â€Å"Dana, they don’t have any ‘not so good’ people on their team,† Jen said while giggling. â€Å"I don’t know. I think that we could give them a run for their money.† â€Å"Finally it was seventh period and school was almost over. I could feel the butterflies growing in my stomach. It was 2:35, five more minutes to go and I was counting down until I could run to the gym to start practicing for the big game.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Essay

Dow Chemical V. US (1986) Dow Chemical company is presently efforting to reduce the CO2 emissions, increase fuel efficiency of vehicles which run with diesel engines. Dow Chemical has been successful in developing Diesel Particulate Filter   (DPF) technology that enhances the quality and efficiency of diesel engines in vehicles. Facts of the case    It was stated in the petition that Dow Chem operates on a 2,000-acre chemical plant which consists of numerous buildings with manufacturing equipment and piping conduits fixed between the various buildings.   Around the premises, there was heavy security maintained by Dow Chem, the respective petitioner. Issue – What is the case about? Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) appointed a commercial photographer to take photographs of the area from all altitudes as a part of aerial photography.   As a matter of fact, Dow Chem denied this particular activity of EPA which is why a suit was filed in Federal District Court against EPA stating that EPA violated the Fourth Amendment and exercised the powers beyond its statutes. Court decision Federal District Court stated that EPA violated Fourth Amendment by entering premises whereas Court of Appeals stated that as per Section114(a) of Clean Air Act, EPA has right to enter premises for inspection purposes [475 U.S.227,228]. Dissenting opinion Dow chem feared about the reveal of trade secrets which are supposed to be confidential and particularly photographs of aerial space, complex premises were of a great matter of concern for the Dow chemical plant whereas EPA considered only the premises of open area of the plant as a part of inspection and safety measures and not to violate any trade laws or statutory laws.    References U.S. Supreme Court DOW CHEMICAL CO. v. UNITED STATES, 476 U.S. 227 (1986) 476 U.S. 227 Accessed February 11, 2008 http://supreme.justia.com/us/476/227/case.html

Film Analysis Sweet Nothing in My Ear - 1011 Words

I chose to do my paper on the movie Sweet Nothing in My Ear. The movie was about a child who was born hearing and ended up going deaf, so his parents had to deliberate on whether or not they wanted to get him a cochlear implant. The wife Laura (played by Marlee Matlin) is deaf and her husband Dan is hearing. The movie is centered around Laura and Dan’s struggle to decide if a cochlear implant is what’s best for their son Adam. It doesn’t help Laura make the decision when her parents are both deaf, and her father is basically prejudiced against the hearing culture. The main characters in the story with communication disabilities are Laura and her son Adam. Laura and Adam are both deaf. Both of them were born hearing, and then over time†¦show more content†¦When hearing people believe they are better than the deaf it’s called audism. An example of this in the film is when Adam is walking in his neighborhood and comes across one of his friends who is playing with another friend of his named Todd. Todd calls Adam an ‘alien’ (Sargent, 2008) and makes fun of him because he is deaf. Most of the resources I used were found on Galluadet’s website, so there are no stereotypes on there that aren’t accurate. The difference between the stereotype of a disability and an actual disability is that the stereotypes of a disability are what people believe to be true. Actual disabilities are observable facts, and what some would call ‘not politically correct’ (compared to the stereotypes) that are not based on the media. Some common stereotypes of people who are deaf include: they’re not as intelligent, all deaf people communicate by signing, their lives are completely different than those of hearing people’s, they all lip read, and all of them want to be part of the hearing culture. In actuality, hearing doesn’t correlate with intelligence, not every deaf person uses sign language, their lives are just like those of hearing people just slightly more limited, a lot of deaf people can’t lip read, and not all deaf people w ant to be part of the hearing culture. Personally, I believe that the film was an example of responsible media pertaining to the communication disabilities presented. The characters were all realistic andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of The Maltese Falcon1619 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of The Maltese Falcon The Maltese Falcon, was not only a detective film, but a film that displayed many different aspects of the female and the male character in the movie. The film was more than a story, but a story that explored the ideas of the detective genre and the different characteristics of femininity and masculinity. It also brought forth subjects of sexual desires and the greediness of money. 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